Abstract: To address the problem of low setting precision of a micro-displacement control system and unsatisfactory control effect, we propose an efficient control algorithm based on niche artificial bee colony proportional-integral-derivation (NABC-PID) to realize self-tuning and optimization of the controller parameters to improve the positioning accuracy of the micro-displacement control system. The NABC-PID control algorithm combines artificial colony PID algorithm with niche technology, which can maintain the diversity of solutions, thus improving the global searching ability and avoiding falling into the local optimum. Simulation results show that the control system based on the NABC-PID algorithm has the advantages of fast response speed, small overshoot, and high, steady accuracy in contrast to the artificial colony PID algorithm. The visual monitoring interface of the micro-displacement platform shows that the positioning accuracy of the step response curve can reach 0.012 μm, and the movement error is between 0.010 μm and 0.020 μm, which can meet the requirements of control accuracy for the nano-positioning displacement system.